Ilimin asali na kayan aikin carbide

Carbide shine nau'in kayan aikin da aka fi amfani da shi na kayan aiki mai sauri (HSM), waɗanda aka samar da su ta hanyar matakan ƙarfe na foda kuma sun ƙunshi nau'ikan carbide mai wuya (yawanci tungsten carbide WC) da kuma abubuwan haɗin ƙarfe mai laushi. A halin yanzu, akwai ɗaruruwan siminti na tushen WC mai nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan suna amfani da cobalt (Co) azaman abin ɗaure, nickel (Ni) da chromium (Cr) suma ana amfani da abubuwa masu ɗaurewa, wasu kuma ana iya ƙarawa. . wasu abubuwan alloying. Me yasa ake samun maki carbide da yawa? Ta yaya masana'antun kayan aiki ke zaɓar kayan aikin da ya dace don takamaiman aikin yankan? Don amsa waɗannan tambayoyin, bari mu fara duba kaddarorin daban-daban waɗanda suka sa siminti carbide ya zama kayan aiki mai kyau.

taurin da tauri

WC-Co cemented carbide yana da fa'idodi na musamman a cikin tauri da tauri. Tungsten carbide (WC) yana da wuyar gaske (fiye da corundum ko alumina), kuma taurinsa da wuya yana raguwa yayin da zafin aiki ya ƙaru. Duk da haka, ba shi da isasshen ƙarfi, mahimmancin dukiya don yankan kayan aiki. Domin samun fa'ida daga babban taurin tungsten carbide da kuma inganta taurinsa, mutane suna amfani da ƙarfe na ƙarfe don haɗakar tungsten carbide tare, ta yadda wannan kayan yana da taurin da ya wuce na ƙarfe mai sauri, yayin da yake iya jure mafi yawan yankewa. ayyuka. yanke karfi. Bugu da ƙari, yana iya jure yanayin zafi mai zafi wanda ke haifar da mashin sauri.

A yau, kusan dukkanin wukake na WC-Co da abubuwan da aka saka ana lullube su, don haka rawar kayan tushe ba ta da mahimmanci. Amma a zahiri, babban ma'aunin ƙarfi na kayan WC-Co (ma'aunin ƙarfi, wanda shine kusan sau uku na ƙarfe mai sauri a cikin zafin jiki) wanda ke ba da ƙarancin lalacewa ga sutura. Matrix WC-Co kuma yana ba da ƙarfin da ake buƙata. Waɗannan kaddarorin sune ainihin kaddarorin kayan WC-Co, amma kayan kayan kuma ana iya keɓance su ta hanyar daidaita abun da ke cikin kayan da microstructure lokacin samar da foda mai siminti. Sabili da haka, dacewa da aikin kayan aiki zuwa ƙayyadaddun mashin ɗin ya dogara da yawa akan tsarin niƙa na farko.

Tsarin niƙa

Tungsten carbide foda yana samuwa ta hanyar carburizing tungsten (W) foda. Halayen tungsten carbide foda (musamman girman girmansa) ya dogara ne akan girman adadin albarkatun tungsten foda da zafin jiki da lokacin carburization. Hakanan sarrafa sinadarai yana da mahimmanci, kuma abun cikin carbon dole ne a kiyaye shi akai-akai (kusa da ƙimar stoichiometric na 6.13% ta nauyi). Za a iya ƙara ƙaramin adadin vanadium da/ko chromium a gaban jiyya na carburizing domin sarrafa girman ƙwayar foda ta hanyar matakai na gaba. Daban-daban yanayin tsari na ƙasa da kuma amfani da aiki na ƙarshe daban-daban suna buƙatar takamaiman haɗuwa da girman barbashi tungsten carbide, abun ciki na carbon, abun ciki na vanadium da abun ciki na chromium, ta hanyar da za a iya samar da nau'ikan foda na tungsten carbide daban-daban. Alal misali, ATI Alldyne, wani tungsten carbide foda masana'anta, samar 23 misali maki na tungsten carbide foda, da kuma irin tungsten carbide foda musamman bisa ga mai amfani da bukatun iya isa fiye da 5 sau na daidaitattun maki na tungsten carbide foda.

Lokacin hadawa da niƙa tungsten carbide foda da haɗin ƙarfe don samar da wani nau'in simintin foda na siminti, ana iya amfani da haɗuwa daban-daban. Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su na cobalt shine 3% - 25% (nauyin nauyi), kuma a cikin yanayin buƙatar haɓaka juriya na kayan aiki, ya zama dole don ƙara nickel da chromium. Bugu da ƙari, za a iya ƙara haɓaka haɗin ƙarfe ta hanyar ƙara wasu kayan haɗin gwal. Misali, ƙara ruthenium zuwa WC-Co cemented carbide zai iya inganta taurinsa sosai ba tare da rage taurinsa ba. Ƙara abun ciki na ɗaure kuma zai iya inganta ƙarfin simintin carbide, amma zai rage taurinsa.

Rage girman ɓangarorin carbide tungsten zai iya ƙara taurin kayan, amma girman barbashi na tungsten carbide dole ne ya kasance iri ɗaya yayin aikin sintiri. A lokacin sintering, tungsten carbide barbashi suna haɗuwa kuma suna girma ta hanyar rushewa da maimaitawa. A cikin ainihin tsari na sintering, don samar da cikakken abu mai yawa, haɗin ƙarfe ya zama ruwa (wanda ake kira ruwa lokaci sintering). Ana iya sarrafa ƙimar haɓakar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, ciki har da vanadium carbide (VC), chromium carbide (Cr3C2), titanium carbide (TiC), tantalum carbide (TaC), da niobium carbide (NbC). Wadannan karfen carbides yawanci ana ƙara su ne lokacin da aka haɗa foda na tungsten carbide kuma ana niƙa su tare da haɗin ƙarfe, ko da yake vanadium carbide da chromium carbide kuma za a iya kafa su lokacin da aka yi carburized tungsten carbide foda.

Hakanan za'a iya samar da foda na tungsten carbide ta amfani da simintin siminti da aka sake yin fa'ida. Sake yin amfani da tarkacen carbide na da dogon tarihi a cikin masana'antar siminti na siminti kuma wani muhimmin bangare ne na dukkan sassan tattalin arzikin masana'antu, yana taimakawa wajen rage farashin kayayyaki, adana albarkatun kasa da kuma guje wa abubuwan sharar gida. zubar da lahani. Za'a iya sake amfani da simintin carbide gabaɗaya ta hanyar APT (ammonium paratungstate), tsarin dawo da zinc ko ta hanyar murkushewa. Wadannan "sake fa'ida" tungsten carbide powders gabaɗaya suna da mafi kyawu, ƙima da za a iya faɗi saboda suna da ƙaramin yanki fiye da foda na tungsten carbide waɗanda aka yi kai tsaye ta hanyar tsarin tungsten carburizing.

Yanayin sarrafawa na gauraye nika na tungsten carbide foda da haɗin ƙarfe suma mahimman sigogin tsari ne. Dabarun niƙa guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su sune milling da micromilling. Dukansu matakai taimaka uniform hadawa na milled powders da rage barbashi size. Domin yin aikin da aka matse daga baya ya sami isasshen ƙarfi, kula da sifar aikin, kuma ba da damar mai aiki ko manipulator don ɗaukar kayan aikin don aiki, yawanci ya zama dole don ƙara mai ɗaure Organic yayin niƙa. A sinadaran abun da ke ciki na wannan bond zai iya shafar yawa da kuma ƙarfi na guga man workpiece. Don sauƙaƙe mu'amala, yana da kyau a ƙara masu ɗaure ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, amma wannan yana haifar da ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarfi kuma yana iya haifar da ƙullun da zai haifar da lahani a cikin samfurin ƙarshe.

Bayan niƙa, foda yawanci ana fesa-bushe don samar da agglomerates masu gudana kyauta waɗanda ke haɗuwa tare da masu ɗaure. Ta hanyar daidaita abun da ke ciki na mai ɗaure kwayoyin halitta, za a iya daidaita iya tafiyarwa da yawan cajin waɗannan agglomerates kamar yadda ake so. Ta hanyar nunawa fitar da gwangwani ko finer barbashi, da barbashi girman rarraba agglomerate za a iya kara wanda aka kera don tabbatar da kyau kwarara lokacin da lodi a cikin mold rami.

Kayan aiki na masana'anta

Carbide workpieces za a iya kafa ta da dama tsari hanyoyin. Dangane da girman workpiece, matakin siffa da rikitarwa, da kuma samar da tsari, mafi yankan abun da ake sakawa ana gyare-gyare ta yin amfani da saman- da kasa-matsa lamba m mutu. Domin kula da daidaito na workpiece nauyi da girman a lokacin kowane latsa, shi wajibi ne don tabbatar da cewa adadin foda (taro da girma) gudana a cikin rami ne daidai guda. A fluidity na foda ne yafi sarrafa ta girman rarraba na agglomerates da kaddarorin da kwayoyin halitta. Molded workpieces (ko “blanks”) ana samun su ta hanyar amfani da matsa lamba na 10-80 ksi (kilo fam kowace ƙafar murabba’in ƙafa) zuwa foda da aka ɗora a cikin rami na ƙura.

Ko da a ƙarƙashin matsananciyar gyare-gyaren gyare-gyare, ƙananan ƙwayar tungsten carbide mai wuya ba za su lalace ko karya ba, amma mai ɗaure kwayoyin halitta yana danna cikin rata tsakanin ɓangarorin tungsten carbide, don haka daidaita matsayin barbashi. Matsakaicin mafi girman matsa lamba, daɗaɗɗen haɗin gwargwado na tungsten carbide barbashi kuma mafi girman ƙarancin ƙarfin aikin. Kaddarorin gyare-gyare na maki na simintin carbide foda na iya bambanta, dangane da abun ciki na ɗaure ƙarfe, girman da siffa na barbashi carbide tungsten, matakin agglomeration, da abun da ke ciki da ƙari na mai ɗaure kwayoyin halitta. Domin samar da bayanai masu ƙididdigewa game da ƙayyadaddun kaddarorin maki na simintin foda na siminti, alakar da ke tsakanin gyare-gyaren gyare-gyare da matsa lamba na gyare-gyare yawanci ana tsarawa da gina su ta hanyar masana'anta foda. Wannan bayanin yana tabbatar da cewa foda da aka kawo ya dace da tsarin gyare-gyaren kayan aiki.

Manyan-sized carbide workpieces ko carbide workpieces tare da babban al'amari rabo (kamar shanks ga karshen niƙa da drills) yawanci kerarre daga uniformly guga man maki na carbide foda a cikin m jakar. Kodayake sake zagayowar samar da madaidaicin hanyar latsawa ya fi tsayi fiye da yadda ake yin gyare-gyaren, ƙirar kayan aikin kayan aiki yana da ƙasa, don haka wannan hanyar ta fi dacewa da ƙaramin tsari.

Wannan hanyar ita ce a sanya foda a cikin jakar, sannan a rufe bakin jakar, sannan a sanya jakar cike da foda a cikin daki, sannan a yi amfani da matsi na 30-60ksi ta na'urar hydraulic don dannawa. Ana amfani da kayan aikin da aka danne sau da yawa zuwa takamaiman geometries kafin a fara sintiri. Girman buhu yana ƙara girma don ɗaukar shrinkage workpiece yayin ƙaddamarwa da kuma samar da isasshen gefe don ayyukan niƙa. Tun da workpiece bukatar da za a sarrafa bayan latsa, da bukatun ga daidaito na caji ba a matsayin m kamar yadda gyare-gyaren hanya, amma har yanzu yana da kyawawa don tabbatar da cewa wannan adadin foda an ɗora Kwatancen a cikin jaka kowane lokaci. Idan yawan cajin foda ya yi ƙanƙanta, zai iya haifar da ƙarancin foda a cikin jakar, wanda zai haifar da aikin aikin ya yi ƙanƙanta kuma dole ne a goge shi. Idan nauyin nauyin foda ya yi yawa, kuma foda da aka ɗora a cikin jakar ya yi yawa, ana buƙatar sarrafa kayan aikin don cire ƙarin foda bayan an danna shi. Ko da yake za a iya sake yin amfani da foda da ya wuce gona da iri da kayan aikin da aka goge, yin hakan yana rage yawan aiki.

Hakanan za'a iya ƙirƙirar kayan aikin Carbide ta amfani da mutuwar extrusion ko mutuwar allura. A extrusion gyare-gyaren tsari ya fi dacewa da taro samar da axisymmetric siffar workpieces, yayin da allura gyare-gyaren tsari yawanci amfani da taro samar da hadaddun siffar workpieces. A cikin matakai biyu na gyare-gyaren, matakan simintin foda na siminti an dakatar da su a cikin wani nau'i na kwayoyin halitta wanda ke ba da daidaiton man goge baki-kamar daidaitattun simintin carbide. Daga nan sai a fitar da mahallin ta cikin rami ko kuma a yi masa allura a cikin wani rami domin ya samu. Halayen ma'auni na simintin carbide foda yana ƙayyade madaidaicin rabo na foda don ɗaure a cikin cakuda, kuma yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci a kan gudanawar cakuda ta hanyar ramin extrusion ko allura a cikin rami.

Bayan da workpiece da aka kafa ta gyare-gyare, isostatic latsa, extrusion ko allura gyare-gyaren, da kwayoyin dauri bukatar a cire daga workpiece kafin karshe sintering mataki. Sintering yana cire porosity daga kayan aikin, yana mai da shi cikakke (ko sosai) mai yawa. A lokacin sintering, ƙarfe bond a cikin latsa-kafa workpiece zama ruwa, amma workpiece rike da siffar a karkashin hade mataki na capillary sojojin da barbashi mahada.

Bayan sintering, da workpiece geometry ya kasance iri ɗaya, amma an rage girman. Domin samun girman aikin da ake buƙata bayan sintering, ƙimar raguwa yana buƙatar la'akari lokacin zayyana kayan aiki. Matsayin foda na carbide da aka yi amfani da shi don yin kowane kayan aiki dole ne a tsara shi don samun raguwa daidai lokacin da aka haɗa shi a ƙarƙashin matsi mai dacewa.

A kusan duk lokuta, bayan-sintering magani na sintered workpiece ake bukata. Mafi mahimmancin jiyya na kayan aikin yankan shine don ƙaddamar da yanke. Yawancin kayan aikin suna buƙatar niƙa na lissafin lissafi da girman su bayan an haɗa su. Wasu kayan aikin suna buƙatar niƙa sama da ƙasa; wasu suna buƙatar niƙa na gefe (tare da ko ba tare da kaifin yankan ba). Duk guntuwar carbide daga niƙa za a iya sake yin fa'ida.

Shafi kayan aiki

A yawancin lokuta, aikin da aka gama yana buƙatar mai rufi. Rufin yana ba da lubricity da ƙãra taurin, kazalika da shingen watsawa ga ma'auni, yana hana oxidation lokacin da aka fallasa shi zuwa yanayin zafi. Ƙarƙashin carbide da aka yi da siminti yana da mahimmanci ga aikin sutura. Bugu da ƙari don daidaita mahimman kaddarorin foda na matrix, ana iya daidaita abubuwan da ke cikin matrix ta hanyar zaɓin sinadarai da canza hanyar sintiri. Ta hanyar ƙaura na cobalt, ƙarin cobalt za a iya wadatar da shi a cikin mafi girman Layer na saman ruwa a cikin kauri na 20-30 μm dangane da sauran kayan aikin, ta haka yana ba da saman substrate mafi ƙarfi da ƙarfi, yana mai da shi ƙari. resistant zuwa nakasa.

Dangane da tsarin masana'anta na kansu (kamar hanyar dewaxing, ƙimar dumama, lokacin sintering, zafin jiki da ƙarfin lantarki), masana'anta na iya samun wasu buƙatu na musamman don ƙimar simintin carbide foda da aka yi amfani da su. Wasu Toolmakers iya sinter da workpiece a cikin injin tanderu, yayin da wasu na iya amfani da zafi isostatic latsa (HIP) sintering makera (wanda pressurizes da workpiece kusa da karshen zagayowar tsari don cire duk wani saura) pores). Kayan aikin da aka tono a cikin tanderu na iya buƙatar zama mai zafi a matse shi ta hanyar ƙarin tsari don ƙara yawan aikin aikin. Wasu masana'antun kayan aiki na iya yin amfani da yanayin zafi mafi girma don haɓaka ɗimbin gaurayawan gauraye da ƙananan abun ciki na cobalt, amma wannan hanyar na iya lalata ƙananan tsarin su. Domin kiyaye girman hatsi mai kyau, ana iya zaɓar foda tare da ƙaramin ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar tungsten carbide. Domin dacewa da ƙayyadaddun kayan aikin samarwa, yanayin dewaxing da ƙarfin lantarki na carburizing suma suna da buƙatu daban-daban don abun ciki na carbon a cikin simintin carbide foda.

Rarraba daraja

Haɗuwa da canje-canje na nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan tungsten carbide foda, abun da ke hade da abun ciki na ƙarfe, nau'in da adadin mai hana haɓakar hatsi, da sauransu, sun ƙunshi nau'ikan simintin carbide iri-iri. Wadannan sigogi za su ƙayyade microstructure na simintin carbide da kaddarorinsa. Wasu takamaiman haɗe-haɗe na kaddarorin sun zama fifiko ga wasu takamaiman aikace-aikacen sarrafawa, yana mai da shi ma'ana don rarraba nau'ikan siminti daban-daban.

Tsarukan rarraba carbide guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su don aikace-aikacen injina sune tsarin ƙirar C da tsarin ƙirar ISO. Ko da yake ba tsarin da ke nuna cikakken kayan kayan da ke tasiri ga zaɓin makin carbide da aka yi da siminti, suna ba da wurin farawa don tattaunawa. Ga kowane rarrabuwa, masana'antun da yawa suna da nasu maki na musamman, wanda ke haifar da nau'ikan nau'ikan carbide iri-iri.

Hakanan za'a iya rarraba maki Carbide ta hanyar abun ciki. Tungsten carbide (WC) maki za a iya raba kashi uku na asali iri: sauki, microcrystalline da alloyed. Makin Simplex ya ƙunshi tungsten carbide da cobalt binders, amma kuma yana iya ƙunsar ƙananan masu hana haɓakar hatsi. Makin microcrystalline ya ƙunshi tungsten carbide da cobalt binder wanda aka ƙara tare da dubunnan dubunnan vanadium carbide (VC) da (ko) chromium carbide (Cr3C2), kuma girman hatsin sa na iya kaiwa 1 μm ko ƙasa da haka. Makin alloy sun ƙunshi tungsten carbide da cobalt binders mai ɗauke da ƴan kashi titanium carbide (TiC), tantalum carbide (TaC), da niobium carbide (NbC). Ana kuma san waɗannan ƙarin abubuwan da ake kira cubic carbide saboda abubuwan da suke daɗaɗawa. Sakamakon microstructure yana nuna tsari mara daidaituwa na matakai uku.

1) Sauƙaƙe makin carbide

Waɗannan maki don yankan ƙarfe yawanci sun ƙunshi 3% zuwa 12% cobalt (ta nauyi). Girman kewayon hatsin carbide tungsten yawanci shine tsakanin 1-8 μm. Kamar yadda yake tare da sauran maki, rage girman barbashi na tungsten carbide yana ƙara taurinsa da ƙarfin karyewa (TRS), amma yana rage taurinsa. Taurin nau'in tsafta yawanci tsakanin HRA89-93.5; Ƙarfin fashewar juzu'i yawanci tsakanin 175-350ksi. Foda na waɗannan maki na iya ƙunsar abubuwa masu yawa da aka sake fa'ida.

Za'a iya raba maki masu sauƙi zuwa C1-C4 a cikin tsarin darajar C, kuma ana iya rarraba su bisa ga jerin K, N, S da H a cikin tsarin darajar ISO. Za a iya rarraba maki Simplex tare da kaddarorin matsakaici a matsayin maki-manufa na gaba ɗaya (kamar C2 ko K20) kuma ana iya amfani da su don juyawa, niƙa, tsarawa da ban sha'awa; maki tare da ƙarami girman hatsi ko ƙananan abun ciki na cobalt da taurin mafi girma ana iya Rarraba su azaman maki gamawa (kamar C4 ko K01); Maki mai girman hatsi ko mafi girman abun ciki na cobalt kuma mafi kyawun tauri ana iya rarraba shi azaman makin roughing (kamar C1 ko K30).

Ana iya amfani da kayan aikin da aka yi a cikin maki na Simplex don mashin ƙarfe na simintin ƙarfe, 200 da 300 jerin bakin karfe, aluminum da sauran ƙananan ƙarfe waɗanda ba na ƙarfe ba, superalloys da taurin ƙarfe. Hakanan ana iya amfani da waɗannan maki a aikace-aikacen yankan da ba ƙarfe ba (misali dutse da kayan aikin hako ƙasa), kuma waɗannan maki suna da girman girman hatsi na 1.5-10μm (ko mafi girma) da abun ciki na cobalt na 6% -16%. Wani amfani da ba na ƙarfe ba na makin carbide mai sauƙi shine a cikin kera mutu da naushi. Waɗannan maki yawanci suna da matsakaicin girman hatsi tare da abun ciki na cobalt na 16% -30%.

(2) Makin simintin siminti na Microcrystalline

Irin waɗannan maki yawanci sun ƙunshi 6% -15% cobalt. Lokacin sintering lokaci na ruwa, ƙari na vanadium carbide da/ko chromium carbide na iya sarrafa haɓakar hatsi don samun ingantaccen tsarin hatsi tare da girman barbashi ƙasa da μm. Wannan ma'auni mai kyau yana da tsayin daka sosai da ƙarfin karyewa sama da 500ksi. Haɗin ƙarfi mai ƙarfi da isasshen ƙarfi yana ba wa waɗannan maki damar yin amfani da kusurwar rake mafi girma, wanda ke rage ƙarfin yankewa kuma yana samar da guntun guntu ta hanyar yanke maimakon tura kayan ƙarfe.

Ta hanyar m ingancin ganewa daban-daban albarkatun kasa a samar da maki na cemented carbide foda, da kuma tsananin iko da sintering tsari yanayi don hana samuwar abnormally manyan hatsi a cikin kayan microstructure, yana yiwuwa a samu dace abu Properties. Domin kiyaye girman hatsi ƙanƙanta da uniform, foda da aka sake fa'ida yakamata a yi amfani da shi kawai idan akwai cikakken ikon sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa da tsarin farfadowa, da kuma gwaji mai inganci.

Ana iya rarraba maki microcrystalline bisa ga jerin matakan M a cikin tsarin darajar ISO. Bugu da kari, sauran hanyoyin rarrabuwa a cikin tsarin darajar C da kuma tsarin darajar ISO iri daya ne da makin masu tsafta. Ana iya amfani da maki na microcrystalline don yin kayan aikin da ke yanke kayan aiki masu laushi, saboda ana iya sarrafa saman kayan aikin da santsi kuma yana iya kula da yankan kaifi sosai.

Hakanan za'a iya amfani da maki microcrystalline don injin superalloys na tushen nickel, saboda suna iya jure yanayin yankan har zuwa 1200 ° C. Don sarrafa superalloys da sauran kayan aiki na musamman, yin amfani da kayan aikin ƙirar microcrystalline da kayan aikin sa mai tsabta waɗanda ke ɗauke da ruthenium na iya haɓaka juriya na lalacewa lokaci guda, juriya na lalata da tauri. Hakanan ma'auni na microcrystalline sun dace da kera kayan aikin jujjuyawa irin su rawar jiki waɗanda ke haifar da damuwa. Akwai rawar soja da aka yi da nau'ikan nau'ikan siminti na siminti. A cikin takamaiman sassa na wannan rawar soja, abubuwan da ke cikin cobalt a cikin kayan sun bambanta, ta yadda za a inganta tauri da taurin rawar kamar yadda ake buƙata.

(3) Makin simintin siminti na alloy

Ana amfani da waɗannan maki galibi don yankan sassan ƙarfe, kuma abun cikin su na cobalt yawanci shine 5% -10%, kuma girman hatsi yana daga 0.8-2μm. Ta ƙara 4% -25% titanium carbide (TiC), yanayin tungsten carbide (WC) don yaduwa zuwa saman kwakwalwan ƙarfe na iya ragewa. Ƙarfin kayan aiki, ƙwanƙarar lalacewa da juriya na zafin zafi za a iya inganta ta hanyar ƙara har zuwa 25% tantalum carbide (TaC) da niobium carbide (NbC). Bugu da ƙari na irin wannan nau'in carbide mai siffar sukari kuma yana ƙara ja taurin kayan aiki, yana taimakawa wajen guje wa gurɓataccen zafin jiki na kayan aiki a cikin yankan nauyi ko wasu ayyuka inda yanke yanke zai haifar da yanayin zafi. Bugu da kari, titanium carbide iya samar da nucleation shafukan a lokacin sintering, inganta uniformity na cubic carbide rarraba a cikin workpiece.

Gabaɗaya magana, kewayon makin siminti mai nau'in alloy-nau'in siminti shine HRA91-94, kuma ƙarfin karyewar juzu'i shine 150-300ksi. Idan aka kwatanta da tsarkakakkun maki, makin gami suna da ƙarancin juriya da ƙarancin ƙarfi, amma suna da mafi kyawun juriya ga lalacewa. Ana iya raba makin allo zuwa C5-C8 a cikin tsarin darajar C, kuma ana iya rarraba su bisa ga jerin P da M a cikin tsarin darajar ISO. Ana iya rarraba makin allo tare da kaddarorin matsakaita a matsayin maki na gaba ɗaya (kamar C6 ko P30) kuma ana iya amfani da su don juyawa, taɓawa, tsarawa da niƙa. Za'a iya rarraba maki mafi wahala azaman maki gamawa (kamar C8 da P01) don kammala juyawa da ayyuka masu ban sha'awa. Waɗannan maki yawanci suna da ƙananan girman hatsi da ƙananan abun ciki na cobalt don samun taurin da ake buƙata da juriya. Koyaya, ana iya samun irin waɗannan kaddarorin kayan ta hanyar ƙara ƙarin cubic carbides. Za'a iya rarraba maki mafi girman tauri azaman maki mai tauri (misali C5 ko P50). Waɗannan maki yawanci suna da matsakaicin girman hatsi da babban abun ciki na cobalt, tare da ƙananan abubuwan da aka tara na cubic carbide don cimma ƙarfin da ake so ta hana haɓakar fashe. A cikin ayyukan juyawa da aka katse, ana iya ƙara haɓaka aikin yanke ta amfani da ma'auni mai wadatar cobalt da aka ambata a sama tare da babban abun ciki na cobalt akan saman kayan aiki.

Ana amfani da ma'aunin alloy tare da ƙaramin abun ciki na titanium carbide don sarrafa bakin karfe da ƙarfe mara nauyi, amma kuma ana iya amfani da shi don sarrafa karafa marasa ƙarfe kamar superalloys na tushen nickel. Girman hatsin waɗannan maki yawanci ƙasa da μm ne, kuma abun ciki na cobalt shine 8% -12%. Za a iya amfani da makin da ya fi ƙarfin, kamar M10, don juyar da baƙin ƙarfe; Za a iya amfani da maki masu tauri, irin su M40, don niƙa da sarrafa ƙarfe, ko don juya bakin karfe ko superalloys.

Hakanan za'a iya amfani da makin siminti mai nau'in alloy don abubuwan da ba na ƙarfe ba, galibi don kera sassan da ba su da ƙarfi. Girman barbashi na waɗannan maki yawanci shine 1.2-2 μm, kuma abun ciki na cobalt shine 7% -10%. Lokacin samar da waɗannan maki, ana ƙara yawan kaso mai yawa na kayan da aka sake yin fa'ida, wanda ke haifar da tasiri mai tsada a aikace-aikacen sassa. Abubuwan sawa suna buƙatar juriya mai kyau da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, wanda za'a iya samu ta ƙara nickel da chromium carbide lokacin samar da waɗannan maki.

Don saduwa da bukatun fasaha da tattalin arziki na masana'antun kayan aiki, carbide foda shine mabuɗin mahimmanci. Foda da aka tsara don kayan aikin masana'antun kayan aiki da sigogin tsari suna tabbatar da aikin aikin da aka gama kuma sun haifar da ɗaruruwan ma'aunin carbide. Yanayin sake yin amfani da kayan carbide da ikon yin aiki kai tsaye tare da masu samar da foda yana ba masu yin kayan aiki damar sarrafa ingancin samfurin su yadda ya kamata da farashin kayan su.