Ilimin asali na kayan aikin carbide

Carbide shine nau'in kayan aikin injina masu sauri (HSM), wanda ake samarwa ta hanyar tsarin ƙarfe na foda kuma ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin carbide masu tauri (yawanci tungsten carbide WC) da kuma haɗin ƙarfe mai laushi. A halin yanzu, akwai ɗaruruwan carbide masu siminti na WC tare da kayan haɗin daban-daban, yawancinsu suna amfani da cobalt (Co) azaman mai ɗaurewa, nickel (Ni) da chromium (Cr) suma abubuwan haɗin da aka saba amfani da su ne, kuma ana iya ƙara wasu. wasu abubuwan haɗin. Me yasa akwai maki da yawa na carbide? Ta yaya masana'antun kayan aiki ke zaɓar kayan aikin da suka dace don takamaiman aikin yankewa? Don amsa waɗannan tambayoyin, bari mu fara duba halaye daban-daban waɗanda ke sa carbide mai siminti ya zama kayan aikin da ya dace.

tauri da tauri

Carbide mai siminti na WC-Co yana da fa'idodi na musamman a cikin tauri da tauri. Tungsten carbide (WC) yana da tauri sosai (fiye da corundum ko alumina), kuma taurinsa ba kasafai yake raguwa ba yayin da zafin aiki ke ƙaruwa. Duk da haka, ba shi da isasshen tauri, muhimmin abu don kayan aikin yankewa. Domin cin gajiyar babban tauri na tungsten carbide da inganta taurinsa, mutane suna amfani da haɗin ƙarfe don haɗa tungsten carbide tare, ta yadda wannan kayan yana da tauri fiye da na ƙarfe mai sauri, yayin da yake iya jure yawancin ayyukan yankewa. Bugu da ƙari, yana iya jure yanayin zafi mai yawa wanda injinan saurin gudu ke haifarwa.

A yau, kusan dukkan wukake da abubuwan da aka saka a cikin WC-Co an shafa su, don haka rawar da kayan tushe ke takawa ba ta da mahimmanci. Amma a zahiri, babban tsarin roba na kayan WC-Co ne (ma'aunin tauri, wanda ya ninka ƙarfe mai sauri sau uku a zafin ɗaki) wanda ke samar da substrate mara lalacewa don murfin. Matrix na WC-Co kuma yana ba da tauri da ake buƙata. Waɗannan kaddarorin sune ainihin halayen kayan WC-Co, amma ana iya tsara halayen kayan ta hanyar daidaita abubuwan da ke cikin kayan da ƙananan tsari lokacin samar da foda carbide mai siminti. Saboda haka, dacewa da aikin kayan aiki ga takamaiman injin ya dogara ne da babban aikin niƙa na farko.

Tsarin niƙa

Ana samun foda na Tungsten carbide ta hanyar yin carburizing foda na tungsten (W). Halayen foda na tungsten carbide (musamman girman barbashi) ya dogara ne akan girman barbashi na foda na tungsten da zafin jiki da lokacin carburization. Kula da sinadarai shima yana da mahimmanci, kuma dole ne a kiyaye abun cikin carbon akai-akai (kusa da ƙimar stoichiometric na 6.13% ta nauyi). Ana iya ƙara ƙaramin adadin vanadium da/ko chromium kafin maganin carburizing don sarrafa girman barbashi na foda ta hanyar matakai masu zuwa. Yanayin tsari daban-daban na ƙasa da amfani da ƙarshen aiki daban-daban suna buƙatar takamaiman haɗin girman barbashi na tungsten carbide, abun cikin carbon, abun cikin vanadium da abun cikin chromium, ta hanyar da za a iya samar da nau'ikan foda na tungsten carbide daban-daban. Misali, ATI Alldyne, wani kamfanin kera foda na tungsten carbide, yana samar da nau'ikan foda na tungsten carbide guda 23 na yau da kullun, kuma nau'ikan foda na tungsten carbide da aka keɓance bisa ga buƙatun mai amfani na iya kaiwa fiye da sau 5 na ma'aunin foda na tungsten carbide.

Lokacin haɗawa da niƙa foda na tungsten carbide da haɗin ƙarfe don samar da wani nau'in foda na siminti, ana iya amfani da haɗuwa iri-iri. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su a cobalt shine 3% - 25% (rabo mai nauyi), kuma idan ana buƙatar haɓaka juriyar tsatsa na kayan aikin, ya zama dole a ƙara nickel da chromium. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya ƙara inganta haɗin ƙarfe ta hanyar ƙara wasu abubuwan haɗin ƙarfe. Misali, ƙara ruthenium zuwa carbide na siminti na WC-Co zai iya inganta ƙarfinsa sosai ba tare da rage taurinsa ba. Ƙara abun ciki na mai ɗaurewa kuma zai iya inganta taurin carbide na siminti, amma zai rage taurinsa.

Rage girman barbashin tungsten carbide na iya ƙara taurin kayan, amma girman barbashin tungsten carbide dole ne ya kasance iri ɗaya a lokacin aikin sintering. A lokacin sintering, barbashin tungsten carbide suna haɗuwa kuma suna girma ta hanyar tsarin narkewa da sake yin amfani da su. A cikin ainihin tsarin sintering, don samar da cikakken abu mai yawa, haɗin ƙarfe ya zama ruwa (wanda ake kira sintering na lokaci-lokaci na ruwa). Ana iya sarrafa yawan girma na barbashin tungsten carbide ta hanyar ƙara wasu carbide na ƙarfe masu canzawa, gami da vanadium carbide (VC), chromium carbide (Cr3C2), titanium carbide (TiC), tantalum carbide (TaC), da niobium carbide (NbC). Ana ƙara waɗannan carbide na ƙarfe lokacin da aka haɗa foda tungsten carbide kuma aka niƙa shi da haɗin ƙarfe, kodayake ana iya ƙirƙirar vanadium carbide da chromium carbide lokacin da aka haɗa foda tungsten carbide.

Ana iya samar da foda na Tungsten carbide ta hanyar amfani da kayan da aka sake yin amfani da su da aka yi amfani da su da kuma kayan da aka yi amfani da su da kuma kayan da aka yi amfani da su da kuma kayan da aka yi amfani da su da kuma kayan da aka yi amfani da su da kuma kayan da aka yi amfani da su da kuma kayan da aka yi amfani da su da kuma kayan da aka yi amfani da su da kuma kayan da aka yi amfani da su da kuma kayan da aka yi amfani da su da kuma kayan da aka yi amfani da su da kuma kayan da aka yi amfani da su da su. Yana da dogon tarihi a masana'antar carbide mai siminti kuma muhimmin bangare ne na dukkan sarkar tattalin arzikin masana'antar, yana taimakawa wajen rage farashin kayayyaki, adana albarkatun kasa da kuma guje wa sharar gida. Zubar da abubuwa masu cutarwa. Ana iya sake amfani da carbide mai siminti ta hanyar tsarin APT (ammonium paratungstate), tsarin dawo da zinc ko kuma ta hanyar niƙa su. Waɗannan foda na tungsten carbide "wanda aka sake yin amfani da su" galibi suna da mafi kyawun da za a iya faɗi saboda suna da ƙaramin yanki na saman fiye da foda na tungsten carbide da aka yi kai tsaye ta hanyar tsarin carbide na tungsten.

Yanayin sarrafawa na niƙa gaurayen foda na tungsten carbide da haɗin ƙarfe suma muhimman sigogi ne na tsari. Dabaru biyu da aka fi amfani da su sune niƙa ƙwallon ƙwallo da kuma niƙa micro. Duk hanyoyin biyu suna ba da damar haɗa foda da aka niƙa iri ɗaya da rage girman barbashi. Domin sanya kayan aikin da aka matse daga baya su sami isasshen ƙarfi, kiyaye siffar kayan aikin, da kuma ba wa mai aiki ko mai sarrafa kayan aiki damar ɗaukar kayan aikin don aiki, yawanci yana da mahimmanci a ƙara kayan aikin halitta yayin niƙa. Haɗin sinadarai na wannan haɗin na iya shafar yawa da ƙarfin kayan aikin da aka matse. Don sauƙaƙe sarrafawa, yana da kyau a ƙara kayan haɗin ƙarfi masu ƙarfi, amma wannan yana haifar da ƙarancin yawan matsewa kuma yana iya haifar da kumbura waɗanda zasu iya haifar da lahani a cikin samfurin ƙarshe.

Bayan niƙa, yawanci ana fesa foda don samar da agglomerates masu gudana kyauta waɗanda masu ɗaure kwayoyin halitta ke riƙewa tare. Ta hanyar daidaita abun da ke cikin mahaɗin kwayoyin halitta, ana iya daidaita saurin kwarara da yawan caji na waɗannan agglomerates kamar yadda ake so. Ta hanyar tantance ƙananan ƙwayoyin da suka fi kauri ko ƙanana, ana iya ƙara tsara rarraba girman ƙwayoyin halittar don tabbatar da kyakkyawan kwarara lokacin da aka ɗora su cikin ramin mold.

ƙera kayan aiki

Ana iya ƙirƙirar kayan aikin Carbide ta hanyoyi daban-daban na aiki. Dangane da girman kayan aikin, matakin sarkakiyar siffa, da kuma tsarin samarwa, yawancin kayan da aka saka ana ƙera su ne ta amfani da mayafin matsi mai ƙarfi na sama da ƙasa. Domin a kiyaye daidaiton nauyin kayan aikin da girmansu yayin kowane matsi, ya zama dole a tabbatar da cewa adadin foda (nauyi da girma) da ke gudana cikin ramin iri ɗaya ne. Ruwan foda galibi ana sarrafa shi ne ta hanyar rarraba girman agglomerates da halayen mahaɗin halitta. Ana ƙirƙirar kayan aikin da aka ƙera (ko "blanks") ta hanyar amfani da matsi na molding na 10-80 ksi (kilo fam a kowace ƙafar murabba'i) zuwa foda da aka ɗora a cikin ramin mold.

Ko da a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba mai yawa, ƙwayoyin tungsten carbide masu tauri ba za su lalace ko su karye ba, amma ana matse mai ɗaure kwayoyin halitta a cikin gibin da ke tsakanin ƙwayoyin tungsten carbide, ta haka ne ke daidaita matsayin ƙwayoyin. Yayin da matsin lamba ya yi yawa, haka haɗin ƙwayoyin tungsten carbide zai yi ƙarfi kuma girman matsewar kayan aikin. Sifofin mannewa na ma'aunin foda carbide mai siminti na iya bambanta, ya danganta da abun da ke cikin mai ɗaure ƙarfe, girman da siffar ƙwayoyin tungsten carbide, matakin haɗuwa, da kuma abun da ke ciki da ƙara mai ɗaure kwayoyin halitta. Domin samar da bayanai masu yawa game da sifofin mannewa na ma'aunin foda carbide mai siminti, galibi masana'antar foda ce ke tsara kuma ta gina alaƙar da ke tsakanin yawan mannewa da matsin mannewa. Wannan bayanin yana tabbatar da cewa foda da aka bayar ya dace da tsarin mannewa na masana'antar kayan aiki.

Manyan kayan aikin carbide masu girman gaske ko kayan aikin carbide masu girman gaske (kamar sandunan niƙa da injin niƙa na ƙarshe) galibi ana ƙera su ne daga foda carbide da aka matse a cikin jaka mai sassauƙa. Duk da cewa zagayowar samar da hanyar matsi mai daidaito ta fi ta hanyar ƙera kayan aiki tsayi, farashin kera kayan aikin ya yi ƙasa, don haka wannan hanyar ta fi dacewa da ƙananan samar da kayan aiki.

Wannan hanyar aiwatarwa ita ce a sanya foda a cikin jakar, a rufe bakin jakar, sannan a sanya jakar cike da foda a cikin ɗaki, sannan a shafa matsi na 30-60ksi ta cikin na'urar hydraulic don matsewa. Sau da yawa ana yin injinan aikin da aka matse su bisa ga takamaiman yanayin ƙasa kafin a yi niƙa. Ana faɗaɗa girman jakar don ɗaukar nauyin raguwar kayan aikin yayin matsewa da kuma samar da isasshen iyaka don ayyukan niƙa. Tunda ana buƙatar sarrafa kayan aikin bayan matsewa, buƙatun daidaiton caji ba su da tsauri kamar na hanyar ƙera ba, amma har yanzu ana so a tabbatar da cewa an ɗora foda iri ɗaya a cikin jakar kowane lokaci. Idan yawan caji na foda ya yi ƙanƙanta, yana iya haifar da rashin isasshen foda a cikin jakar, wanda ke haifar da aikin ya yi ƙanƙanta kuma dole ne a goge shi. Idan yawan lodi na foda ya yi yawa, kuma foda da aka ɗora a cikin jakar ya yi yawa, ana buƙatar a sarrafa kayan aikin don cire ƙarin foda bayan an matse shi. Duk da cewa cire foda da ya wuce kima da kayan aikin da aka goge za a iya sake amfani da su, yin hakan yana rage yawan aiki.

Ana iya ƙirƙirar kayan aikin Carbide ta amfani da kayan aikin extrusion ko kayan aikin allura. Tsarin gyaran extrusion ya fi dacewa da samar da kayan aikin siffar axisymmetric mai yawa, yayin da tsarin gyaran allura yawanci ana amfani da shi don samar da kayan aikin siffofi masu rikitarwa. A cikin duka hanyoyin gyaran, ana rataye nau'ikan foda carbide mai siminti a cikin wani abu mai ɗaurewa na halitta wanda ke ba da daidaiton man goge baki ga cakuda carbide mai siminti. Sannan ana fitar da mahaɗin ta cikin rami ko kuma a allura shi cikin rami don samarwa. Halayen matakin foda carbide mai siminti yana ƙayyade mafi kyawun rabo na foda da abin ɗaurewa a cikin cakuda, kuma yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan iyawar kwararar cakuda ta cikin ramin extrusion ko allura cikin rami.

Bayan an samar da aikin ta hanyar yin gyare-gyare, matsi mai sassauƙa, fitarwa ko gyaran allura, ana buƙatar cire mai ɗaure kwayoyin halitta daga aikin kafin matakin sintering na ƙarshe. Sintering yana cire porosity daga aikin, yana mai da shi cikakken (ko ma'ana). A lokacin sintering, haɗin ƙarfe a cikin aikin da aka ƙera da aka matse yana zama ruwa, amma aikin yana riƙe da siffarsa a ƙarƙashin haɗin gwiwar ƙarfin capillary da haɗin barbashi.

Bayan an yi siminti, yanayin aikin ya kasance iri ɗaya, amma girmansa ya ragu. Domin samun girman aikin da ake buƙata bayan an yi siminti, ana buƙatar la'akari da ƙimar raguwar lokacin tsara kayan aikin. Dole ne a tsara matakin foda carbide da ake amfani da shi don yin kowane kayan aiki don samun madaidaicin raguwar lokacin da aka matse shi ƙarƙashin matsin lamba mai dacewa.

A kusan dukkan lokuta, ana buƙatar maganin bayan an gama yin aikin da aka yi da sintered. Mafi mahimmancin maganin kayan aikin yankewa shine a kaifafa gefen yankewa. Kayan aiki da yawa suna buƙatar niƙa yanayinsu da girmansu bayan an gama yin sintering. Wasu kayan aikin suna buƙatar niƙa sama da ƙasa; wasu kuma suna buƙatar niƙa na gefe (tare da ko ba tare da an gama yin sintering ba). Duk guntun carbide da aka yi daga niƙa za a iya sake amfani da su.

Shafi na Aiki

A lokuta da yawa, ana buƙatar a shafa kayan aikin da aka gama. Rufin yana ba da mai da kuma ƙara tauri, da kuma shingen yaɗuwa ga substrate, wanda ke hana iskar shaka lokacin da aka fallasa shi ga yanayin zafi mai yawa. Substrate ɗin carbide mai siminti yana da mahimmanci ga aikin murfin. Baya ga daidaita manyan kaddarorin foda na matrix, ana iya daidaita halayen saman matrix ta hanyar zaɓar sinadarai da canza hanyar sintering. Ta hanyar ƙaura da cobalt, ana iya wadatar da ƙarin cobalt a cikin mafi girman Layer na saman ruwan wukake a cikin kauri na 20-30 μm idan aka kwatanta da sauran kayan aikin, don haka yana ba saman substrate ƙarfi da tauri mafi kyau, yana sa ya fi juriya ga lalacewa.

Dangane da tsarin kera su (kamar hanyar dewaxing, saurin dumama, lokacin sintering, zafin jiki da ƙarfin carburetion), masana'antar kayan aiki na iya samun wasu buƙatu na musamman don matakin foda carbide mai siminti da aka yi amfani da shi. Wasu masu yin kayan aiki na iya lalata kayan aikin a cikin tanderu mai injin, yayin da wasu na iya amfani da tanda mai zafi mai matsewa (HIP) (wanda ke matse kayan aikin kusa da ƙarshen zagayowar aikin don cire duk wani ragowar) ramuka). Kayan aikin da aka sintered a cikin tanderu mai injin na iya buƙatar a matse su da zafi ta hanyar keɓancewa ta hanyar ƙarin tsari don ƙara yawan kayan aikin. Wasu masana'antun kayan aiki na iya amfani da yanayin zafi mai zafi don ƙara yawan cakuda tare da ƙarancin abun ciki na cobalt, amma wannan hanyar na iya rage girman su. Domin kiyaye ƙaramin girman hatsi, ana iya zaɓar foda tare da ƙaramin girman barbashi na tungsten carbide. Don dacewa da takamaiman kayan aikin samarwa, yanayin dewaxing da ƙarfin carburetion suma suna da buƙatu daban-daban don abun cikin carbon a cikin foda carbide mai siminti.

Rarraba maki

Canje-canjen haɗin kai na nau'ikan foda na tungsten carbide daban-daban, abun da ke cikin cakuda da abun da ke cikin ƙarfe na ɗaure ƙarfe, nau'in da adadin hana haɓakar hatsi, da sauransu, suna samar da nau'ikan ma'aunin carbide na siminti. Waɗannan sigogi za su ƙayyade ƙaramin tsarin carbide na siminti da kaddarorinsa. Wasu takamaiman haɗakar kaddarorin sun zama fifiko ga wasu takamaiman aikace-aikacen sarrafawa, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ma'ana a rarraba nau'ikan ma'aunin carbide na siminti daban-daban.

Tsarin rarraba carbide guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su don aikace-aikacen injina sune tsarin sanya C da tsarin sanya ISO. Duk da cewa babu ɗayan tsarin da ke nuna cikakkun halayen kayan da ke tasiri ga zaɓin ma'aunin carbide mai siminti, suna ba da wurin farawa don tattaunawa. Ga kowane rarrabuwa, masana'antun da yawa suna da nasu ma'auni na musamman, wanda ke haifar da nau'ikan ma'aunin carbide iri-iri.

Ana iya rarraba ma'aunin Carbide ta hanyar abun da ke ciki. Ana iya raba ma'aunin Tungsten carbide (WC) zuwa nau'ikan asali guda uku: mai sauƙi, microcrystalline da kuma ƙarfe. Ma'aunin Simplex ya ƙunshi ma'aunin tungsten carbide da cobalt, amma kuma yana iya ƙunsar ƙananan adadin masu hana haɓakar hatsi. Ma'aunin microcrystalline ya ƙunshi ma'aunin tungsten carbide da cobalt da aka ƙara tare da dubban vanadium carbide (VC) da (ko) chromium carbide (Cr3C2), kuma girman hatsinsa na iya kaiwa 1 μm ko ƙasa da haka. Ma'aunin gami ya ƙunshi ma'aunin tungsten carbide da cobalt waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƴan kashi na titanium carbide (TiC), tantalum carbide (TaC), da niobium carbide (NbC). Waɗannan ƙarin kuma ana kiransu da cubic carbide saboda halayen sintering ɗinsu. Tsarin microstructure da ya haifar yana nuna tsarin matakai uku marasa daidaituwa.

1) Ma'aunin carbide mai sauƙi

Waɗannan ma'aunin yanke ƙarfe galibi suna ɗauke da kashi 3% zuwa 12% na cobalt (ta nauyi). Girman ma'aunin ƙwayoyin tungsten carbide yawanci yana tsakanin 1-8 μm. Kamar sauran ma'auni, rage girman barbashi na tungsten carbide yana ƙara tauri da ƙarfin tsagewa (TRS), amma yana rage tauri. Tauri na nau'in tsantsa yawanci yana tsakanin HRA89-93.5; ƙarfin tsagewa mai wucewa yawanci yana tsakanin 175-350ksi. Foda na waɗannan ma'auni na iya ƙunsar adadi mai yawa na kayan da aka sake yin amfani da su.

Ana iya raba makin nau'in mai sauƙi zuwa C1-C4 a cikin tsarin makin C, kuma ana iya rarraba shi bisa ga jerin makin K, N, S da H a cikin tsarin makin ISO. Makin Simplex tare da kaddarorin matsakaici za a iya rarraba su azaman makin manufa gabaɗaya (kamar C2 ko K20) kuma ana iya amfani da su don juyawa, niƙa, shiryawa da kuma gundura; makin da ke da ƙaramin girman hatsi ko ƙarancin abun ciki na cobalt da tauri mafi girma za a iya rarraba su azaman makin gamawa (kamar C4 ko K01); makin da ke da babban girman hatsi ko babban abun ciki na cobalt da mafi kyawun tauri za a iya rarraba su azaman makin da ke da ƙarfi (kamar C1 ko K30).

Ana iya amfani da kayan aikin da aka yi a cikin matakan Simplex don yin injin ƙarfe na siminti, ƙarfe mai siminti 200 da 300, aluminum da sauran ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe, superalloys da ƙarfe masu tauri. Hakanan ana iya amfani da waɗannan matakan a cikin aikace-aikacen yankewa marasa ƙarfe (misali kayan aikin haƙa dutse da ƙasa), kuma waɗannan matakan suna da kewayon girman hatsi na 1.5-10μm (ko mafi girma) da abun ciki na cobalt na 6%-16%. Wani amfani da yankewa mara ƙarfe na matakan carbide mai sauƙi shine a cikin ƙera ma'adanai da punches. Waɗannan matakan yawanci suna da matsakaicin girman hatsi tare da abun ciki na cobalt na 16%-30%.

(2) Ma'aunin carbide mai simintin microcrystalline

Irin waɗannan ma'auni galibi suna ɗauke da kashi 6%-15% na cobalt. A lokacin sintering na ruwa, ƙara vanadium carbide da/ko chromium carbide na iya sarrafa girman ƙwayar don samun tsarin ƙwayar hatsi mai kyau tare da girman ƙwayar da bai wuce μm 1 ba. Wannan ma'aunin mai laushi yana da tauri sosai da ƙarfin fashewa mai ratsawa sama da 500ksi. Haɗin ƙarfi mai ƙarfi da isasshen ƙarfi yana ba waɗannan ma'auni damar amfani da babban kusurwar rake mai kyau, wanda ke rage ƙarfin yankewa kuma yana samar da ƙananan guntu ta hanyar yankewa maimakon tura kayan ƙarfe.

Ta hanyar tantance inganci mai kyau na kayan aiki daban-daban wajen samar da nau'ikan foda mai siminti mai siminti, da kuma kula da yanayin tsarin sintering don hana samuwar manyan hatsi a cikin ƙananan tsarin kayan, yana yiwuwa a sami halayen kayan da suka dace. Domin a kiyaye girman hatsi ƙanana da iri ɗaya, ya kamata a yi amfani da foda da aka sake yin amfani da shi ne kawai idan akwai cikakken iko kan kayan aiki da tsarin dawo da su, da kuma gwaje-gwaje masu inganci.

Ana iya rarraba ma'aunin microcrystalline bisa ga jerin ma'aunin M a cikin tsarin ma'aunin ISO. Bugu da ƙari, sauran hanyoyin rarrabuwa a cikin tsarin ma'aunin C da tsarin ma'aunin ISO iri ɗaya ne da ma'aunin tsarki. Ana iya amfani da ma'aunin microcrystalline don yin kayan aikin da ke yanke kayan aiki masu laushi, saboda saman kayan aikin za a iya yin shi da santsi sosai kuma yana iya kiyaye gefen yankewa mai kaifi sosai.

Ana iya amfani da ma'aunin microcrystalline don injinan superalloys na tushen nickel, domin suna iya jure yanayin zafi mai zafi har zuwa 1200°C. Don sarrafa superalloys da sauran kayan aiki na musamman, amfani da kayan aikin microcrystalline da kayan aikin tsabta waɗanda ke ɗauke da ruthenium na iya inganta juriyarsu ta lalacewa, juriyar nakasa da tauri a lokaci guda. Ma'aunin microcrystalline kuma ya dace da ƙera kayan aikin juyawa kamar su injinan da ke haifar da matsin lamba. Akwai injinan haƙa da aka yi da ma'aunin haɗakar carbide da aka siminti. A wasu sassan haƙa ɗaya, abubuwan da ke cikin cobalt a cikin kayan sun bambanta, don haka an inganta tauri da tauri na haƙan bisa ga buƙatun sarrafawa.

(3) Nau'in ƙarfe mai siminti mai siminti

Ana amfani da waɗannan ma'auni galibi don yanke sassan ƙarfe, kuma yawan sinadarin cobalt ɗinsu yawanci shine 5%-10%, kuma girman hatsi yana tsakanin 0.8-2μm. Ta hanyar ƙara 4%-25% titanium carbide (TiC), yanayin tungsten carbide (WC) yana yaɗuwa zuwa saman guntun ƙarfe za a iya rage shi. Ƙarfin kayan aiki, juriyar lalacewa a cikin rami da juriyar girgizar zafi za a iya inganta ta hanyar ƙara har zuwa 25% tantalum carbide (TaC) da niobium carbide (NbC). Ƙara irin waɗannan carbide masu siffar cubic kuma yana ƙara ja taurin kayan aikin, yana taimakawa wajen guje wa lalacewar zafi na kayan aikin a cikin yankewa mai nauyi ko wasu ayyuka inda gefen yankewa zai haifar da yanayin zafi mai yawa. Bugu da ƙari, titanium carbide na iya samar da wuraren nucleation yayin sintering, yana inganta daidaiton rarraba cubic carbide a cikin aikin.

Gabaɗaya, kewayon tauri na ma'aunin carbide mai siminti irin na ƙarfe shine HRA91-94, kuma ƙarfin karyewar da ke ratsawa shine 150-300ksi. Idan aka kwatanta da ma'aunin tsarkakken, ma'aunin alloy ba shi da juriya ga lalacewa da ƙarancin ƙarfi, amma yana da juriya mafi kyau ga lalacewa mai manne. Ana iya raba ma'aunin alloy zuwa C5-C8 a cikin tsarin ma'aunin C, kuma ana iya rarraba shi bisa ga jerin ma'aunin P da M a cikin tsarin ma'aunin ISO. Ma'aunin alloy tare da ma'aunin matsakaici ana iya rarraba shi azaman ma'aunin manufa gabaɗaya (kamar C6 ko P30) kuma ana iya amfani da shi don juyawa, taɓawa, shiryawa da niƙa. Ma'aunin mafi wahala ana iya rarraba shi azaman ma'aunin ƙarewa (kamar C8 da P01) don kammala juyawa da ayyukan ban sha'awa. Waɗannan ma'aunin yawanci suna da ƙananan girman hatsi da ƙananan abun ciki na cobalt don samun taurin da ake buƙata da juriya ga lalacewa. Duk da haka, ana iya samun irin waɗannan kayan ta hanyar ƙara ƙarin ma'aunin cubic carbide. Ma'aunin da ke da mafi girman tauri ana iya rarraba shi azaman ma'aunin roughing (misali C5 ko P50). Waɗannan ma'aunin yawanci suna da matsakaicin girman hatsi da kuma yawan sinadarin cobalt, tare da ƙarancin ƙarin cubic carbide don cimma ƙarfin da ake so ta hanyar hana haɓakar tsagewa. A cikin ayyukan juyawa da aka katse, ana iya ƙara inganta aikin yankewa ta hanyar amfani da ma'aunin cobalt da aka ambata a sama tare da ƙarin ma'aunin cobalt akan saman kayan aiki.

Ana amfani da ma'aunin ƙarfe mai ƙarancin sinadarin titanium carbide don ƙera bakin ƙarfe da ƙarfe mai laushi, amma kuma ana iya amfani da shi don ƙera ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe kamar superalloys na nickel. Girman hatsi na waɗannan ma'aunin yawanci ƙasa da 1 μm, kuma abun da ke cikin cobalt shine 8%-12%. Ana iya amfani da ma'aunin ƙarfi, kamar M10, don ƙera ƙarfe mai laushi; ma'aunin ƙarfi, kamar M40, ana iya amfani da shi don niƙa da ƙera ƙarfe, ko don ƙera ƙarfe mai laushi ko superalloys.

Ana iya amfani da ma'aunin carbide mai siminti irin na ƙarfe don yankewa ba na ƙarfe ba, musamman don ƙera sassan da ba sa jure lalacewa. Girman barbashi na waɗannan ma'aunin yawanci shine 1.2-2 μm, kuma abun cikin cobalt shine 7%-10%. Lokacin samar da waɗannan ma'aunin, yawanci ana ƙara babban kaso na kayan da aka sake yin amfani da su, wanda ke haifar da babban tasiri ga farashi a aikace-aikacen sassan lalacewa. Sassan lalacewa suna buƙatar juriya mai kyau ga tsatsa da tauri mai yawa, wanda za'a iya samu ta hanyar ƙara nickel da chromium carbide lokacin samar da waɗannan ma'aunin.

Domin biyan buƙatun fasaha da tattalin arziki na masana'antun kayan aiki, foda mai carbide shine babban abin da ke cikin foda. Foda da aka tsara don kayan aikin injinan masana'antun kayan aiki da sigogin sarrafawa suna tabbatar da aikin kayan aikin da aka gama kuma sun haifar da ɗaruruwan matakan carbide. Yanayin sake amfani da kayan carbide da ikon yin aiki kai tsaye tare da masu samar da foda yana bawa masu yin kayan aiki damar sarrafa ingancin samfurin su yadda ya kamata da farashin kayan aiki.